PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. ANTENNAS Antennas are probably one of the most debated, most studied and cause for the most misinformation of any field in radio. The most important part of your station is a properly constructed antenna! For example: Transmitter A runs 100 watts to a improper antenna and gets heard only marginally. Transmitter B runs 10 watts to a properly constructed, resonant antenna and gets heard much better and louder than Transmitter A. I cannot stress enough the importanceof a good antenna! It makes all the difference in the world! For the sake of simplicity, only three antenna designs are going to be presented here. If you are a beginner, I suggest that you erect the dipole and worry about the other designs later. For the intermediate and advanced, by all means try out the Vertical and Loop! There are many books available on Antennas, which go into much greater depth, detail and variety. Perhaps the easiest and most popular antenna is a Dipole. The dipole antenna is easily constructed, almost impossible to mess up and works well at almost any height above ground. For the beginner, this is the antenna to use. For your antenna to work well, you need to determine the frequency you are going to operate on. For example, we'll say 7445 Khz. To determine the length of wire our dipole antenna will need, we use the following formula: 468 divided by Frequency in Megahertz = Length in Feet. So, working the math, 468 / 7.445 = 62.86 Feet. Round that off and we come to 62 Feet 10 Inches. This is TOTAL length of the antenna. To make a dipole, cut two wires, each one 31 Feet 5 Inches long. See Figure 1. Already I see the plethora of questions spinning around your head. You're probably wondering what kind of wire to use for the antenna. Small speaker wire can be quite serviceable and it's easily found. You will also need Three Egg insulators, One for the center and each end of the dipole. These are getting to be difficult to find but I think Radio Shack still has them. If you cannot find insulators anywhere, small, rectangular scraps of phenolic perfboard will work just as well (at low power levels). You are also going to need some string or high test fishing line to support the ends of your dipole. Also, electrical tape or silicon sealer to be used on the center connection of your dipole to keep moisture out of the coax. A soldering Iron is also a must have item for any station; a 100 watt iron should cover just about any job. They say a picture is worth a 1000 words, so I refer you to Figure 2 for a typical dipole installation. While not absolutely necessary, a Balun is recommended. For Dipole antennas that are fed with Coax line, a 1 to 1 Balun is suggested. A Balun matches a BALanced Line (Our Dipole) to an UNbalanced Line (Our Coax). This makes for an even greater transfer of power from the feedline to the antenna and will also prevent the ground shield of your Coax from becoming a radiator of RF! Baluns are a complex and difficult subject to fathom but there are books out that explain the How To's better than I could. Just remember, A Balun is optional but is worth the trouble and $25 to install one. Another question you might be asking "How high should I try to get my dipole ?". My answer: as high as possible. If 10 feet is all you can manage, then that will have to do. The higher, the better. Dipoles typically have the most favorable radiation patterns when they are 1 wavelength above ground. In the case of our 40 Meter Dipole, that comes to a whopping 125 Feet! I think it's safe to say that 99.99% of all 40 Meter Dipoles erected DO NOT reach these lofty heights! The last consideration you need to think about is that of antenna orientation. A dipole will radiate the majority of power in lobes that are perpendicular to the axis of the dipole. What this means is, if you run your dipole North to South, then the majority of your RF signal will be radiated in a East to West pattern. So depending on your geographical location of your transmitter and the location of your listeners will depend on how you orient your antenna. You may also find that there is only one or two possible ways to place your dipole on your property, don't sweat it. Just hang it up and see what happens! TIME PASSES ... Now that you have your dipole antenna erected AND know how to tune your transmitter, it's time to test out the new antenna! You SHOULD have read the chapter on SWR, if not, NOW is a good time to read it! Find out where your dipole is resonant and determine if you need to add or subtract wire, if you're lucky you won't have to change anything! That's it! By now you should have a good working knowledge of radio transmitting and all that's left is to put on a good show! ADVANCED ANTENNAS Going beyond our simple dipole, the next most popular and efficient antenna for LOW BAND work is the Vertical. Vertical antenna's produce what is known as a "Low Radiation Angle" given a decent height above ground. This is very important for Long Distance or DX type work. Verticals are also Omni-Directional, which means they radiate EQUALLY in ALL directions. To construct a vertical, use the formula for figuring half wave antenna lengths and refer to Figure 3. Vertical antennas can be fed with 50 Ohm coax. Vertical antennas work best with as many radials as you can manage. Just keep in mind, for any improvement you must double the number of radials. Eight, typically is a manageable number of radials to use. The final antenna presented here is the Full Wave Loop. These are a little more advanced than a dipole and will possibly exhibit some gain over one. They can also perform as verticals if fed properly. The only downside to using full wave loops is that they require more room and supports than a dipole or vertical. I refer you to Figure 4. A loop will radiate the majority of it's power at right angles to the plane of the loop, similar to the radiation pattern of our dipole, so it's important to keep this in mind when orienting your loop. To figure the length of wire needed for our loop antenna, we must use another formula. Divide 1005 by Frequency in Megahertz will give you total length in feet. For example, if we wanted our loop to operate on 7415 Kilohertz we would 1005 / 7.415 = 135.53 or 135 Feet 6 Inches of wire would be required. We also must use what is known as a Matching Section in order to feed this antenna with 50 Ohm coax. To make the matching section, a quarter wavelength of 75 Ohm coax is required. To figure out the length of the matching section, use the following formula: 246 Divided by Frequency in Megahertz Equals Length in Feet. Thusly, 246 / 7.415 = 33.17 Feet or 33 Feet 3 Inches. BUT, DON'T START CUTTING COAX JUST YET, We also need multiply our result by the Velocity Factor of the particular 75 Ohm coax we are using! Don't worry about the what's and how's of velocity factors in Coax cable. Right now all you need are the proper numbers to plug into the formula. The insulation used in Coax cable plays the biggest part in determining a cables velocity factor. Solid Polyethylene insulation has a V.F. of 0.66 and Foam Polyethylene has a V.F. of 0.80. Remember to ask when you purchase your Coax, they should be able to tell you this. RG-59/U is the recommended type and it has a V.F. of 0.66. So, to determine the final length of our matching section we Multiply 33.17 by 0.66 and come up with 21.9 Feet or 21 Feet 10 Inches. Now that you have all the math, building your very own loop should be no problem. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. AVOIDING RESPONSIBILITY Several factors play a role in avoiding that dreaded knock at your door. You need to understand what you are up against (the FCC) , how they work , and what might be their motivation for finding you. Knowledge is your best defense. There are several theories about why and how pirates get busted. One popular belief is that the FCC has a personal vendetta against all pirates and will go to any extreme to find them. It is often believed that the FCC is selective and will go after the pirates that offend them the most. In some cases this may be true but, as a general rule, a pirate is most likely to be busted for their interference to others than for their ideology. If someone complains to the FCC about your activities, then your chances of being busted have increased considerably. Know your equipment and use it properly to avoid causing interference to others, use a low pass filter, and ground your equipment. Your neighbors could be a bigger threat to you than the FCC. Don't tell them that you are a pirate. If possible don't even let them see your antenna, if they do, tell them it is a scanner or short wave antenna. Make sure your neighbors are not experiencing interference. One way to do this is to bring it up in a conversation, tell them you were having trouble with your TV and ask them if they noticed anything also, if they say they haven't , just say "It must just be my TV" and drop the subject. If they say they have, then fix whatever your problem is, don't go on the air until you are sure the problem is fixed (see the section on QRM in this book). Lets discuss how the FCC monitors you. The FCC has several monitoring stations across the US, which are equipped with sophisticated receivers and directional antennas. They also have mobile units for close in direction finding.When a monitoring station wants to locate a signal, they contact the other monitoring stations for assistance. Other stations receive the signal and call in with directional bearings. This data is put into a computer which processes the information and produces a circle of probable locations, this is usually a 13 to 20 mile radius from the signal location. Repeated loggings of the signal can reduce the size of this circle. If a mobile direction finding vehicle is sent to this area it will likely be within a few miles of the signal and with similar direction finding techniques the signal can quickly be narrowed to the exact location of origin. This is when you get busted. Obviously the best way to avoid getting busted is to avoid being the target of this process. A few common sense rules will help avoid an FCC direction finding party. 1. Don't cause interference to others, this means no one: Hams, MARS stations, licensed broadcasters, neighbors, public services. If no one complains about you, the FCC will be less likely to be interested in what you are doing. Stay out of the HAM bands; they have worked hard for their frequencies and they will protect them by reporting you to the FCC. 2. Don't broadcast on a regular schedule, or don't announce a schedule. Keep your broadcasts to a short length of time, forty five minutes or less. If they are trying to find you, it is not likely the FCC will spend the time or money to travel to your location and wait for you to broadcast if you are only on the air for a short time once a month, Make it difficult for them to predict the time and day of your show. If they do predict it, and you are only on the air for less than an hour, they may not find you before you sign off. After you sign off the air, don't go back on a few hours later; you may be giving them a second chance. 3. Don't give out a traceable phone number or address. If you desire audience contact, then use one of the mail drops listed in this book. 4. Maintain tight security. Be sure you can trust those who know what you are doing. 5. If possible, broadcast from different locations. Many pirates operate with a mobile setup. Be sure to have the owners permission if you are on private property. Avoid broadcasting from areas that will arouse suspicion. If you set up at a park or campground, be aware that park officials or police may ask why you are stringing wire into a tree. If they do, don't tell them to get lost, very kindly explain that you are setting up a shortwave receiving antenna . If they leave you feeling like they understand what you are doing they will be less likely to check further into your activity. 6. Don't create evidence of your activity. After you finish your broadcast, don't leave your equipment set up with a tape of your show still in the tape deck. Some pirates keep their transmitters hidden until a broadcast is made; when they are done, they return the transmitter to its hiding place. They also keep all evidence related to their station in one place, like QSLs, letters from listeners, tapes of your broadcasts, etc. These are often kept in a suitcase or box and hidden like the transmitter. Antennas can be erected just before a broadcast, and taken down and hidden away after you are finished. 7. If possible, maintain a look out while broadcasting. If you see suspicious activity, such as a vehicle driving slowly past your location, take evasive measures. Try not to be too paranoid, but if you feel there is pending danger, get off the air; they can't easily trace a signal that is not there. Remember, FCC direction finding vehicles may look very normal, some are equipped with hidden antennas and cannot be easily distinguished from ordinary vehicles. 8. Be aware of how close you are to a Monitoring station (refer to Figure 1). Although not proven, some believe that pirates who live near a monitoring station are more likely to be the subject of direction finding activities. If you live near a monitoring station, you can still be a pirate, but it might be worthwhile to take a few extra precautions. If you live a long way from a monitoring station, don't get too confident; stations have been busted in all parts of the U.S. The FCC might be in your town right now on business unrelated to pirate tracking. Regardless of where you live, the "DON'T INTERFERE WITH ANYONE !!!!" rule is still your best route to a bust-free pirate radio experience. 9. Remember that anyone can file a complaint against you with the FCC. If you go on the air right after an evangelist goes off, and grandma Jones hears you shouting profanities on the frequency that she thinks is owned by her beloved Reverend Big Bucks, she might call the FCC and report you. This is one of the only times that the actual content of your show may result in a bust. 10. These rules can change at any time, and even the most careful pirate who follows every rule in this book could be busted. You must be aware of the risks involved. The best way to avoid getting caught is not to broadcast at all. Remember: this is illegal, and there are no guarantees. LOCATIONS OF FCC MONITORING STATIONS: Ferndale, Washington Livermore, California Douglas, Arizona Grand Island, Nebraska. Kingsville, Texas Allegan, Mighigan Powder Springs, Georgia Vero Beach, Florida Laurel, Maryland Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico Anchorage, Alaska Belfast, Maine Honolulu, Hawaii Figure 1 תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. WHAT IF I GET BUSTED?? What if that dreaded day comes when you are faced with owning up to your pirate activities? Well this chapter was almost left out of this book for two reasons. First, this is a book telling you how to become a pirate and not a book on legal defense. And second, there are so many schools of thought relating to how you should act almost no one agrees on the best method. However, we will take a short section of this book and at least discuss the different perspectives as well as what you might expect in case of a bust. No matter what you decide to do in this case, there are a few things that are universally true in any situation: 1. It is no fun being busted, but remember: it is not the end of the world and you will live through it. 2. It is almost always a good idea to hire a lawyer, this will not guarantee you will win. However if you try to defend yourself, it is likely that you will lose. In this book we discuss how the FCC monitors pirates, and how a close in direction finding vehicle works. After you have been the victim of this process, you are likely to be served with something called a "NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY". This is the way the FCC tells you that they believe that you have violated the Commissions Rules, and they are holding you responsible. This is usually accompanied by a forfieture which is set by the FCC. If you ignore this notice, the FCC lawyers may take you to court. However, the FCC has never taken anyone to court for this and it is rumored that the Dept. of Justice told the FCC that they will not waste time and resources on such cases. In the past, the FCC has sent pirate stations a letter through their mail drop. This letter usually quotes the Commissions Rules, tells you that you are breaking the law and orders you to immediately cease operation and respond to their letter in writing within a certain period of time. Do not confuse this with a Notice of apparent liability; it is a scare tactic. It is sent because they are not able, can't afford, or don't have time to find you. If you recieve one of these letters you have not been busted. It may be wise to try to understand why you have suddenly captured the attention of the FCC, are you causing someone interferance, has your neighbor called them? Are you broadcasting in HAM bands? Are you on the air too often? You may not find the answer and there may not even be one. Let's explore what has been reported by pirates who have been busted. Most say that they have been broadcasting, go off the air and suddenly men from the FCC show up and ask to inspect the station. Those who cooperate say the FCC inspects the equipment and asks a few questions about the pirate station. The story now begins to vary a little; some say the FCC photographed the equipment, recorded serial numbers, and left without futher comment. Others say the FCC immediately confiscated all equipment. Some say that they were ordered to read a prepared statement on the air saying they have been shut down by the FCC. Some were handed a Notice of Apparent Liability with a fine, others received them in the mail a few days later. And to complicate things even further, some pirates say the FCC didn't show up until at least a week after their last broadcast, and some say the FCC never showed up at all they just received a notice in the mail. About the only thing that can be concluded from this information is that the FCC is unpredictable and it seems that their behavior and actions may vary widely. These variatons are likely linked to the year that the bust occured (the FCC seems less forgiving now than in the past), the location of the pirate, and the personality of the field operator.We do know that a Pirate may be fined $1,000 to $100,000 and receive up to one year in jail. I have found no evidence that any one has gone to jail for operating a pirate station. We also know that the FCC is notorious for violating a persons civil rights by announcing guilt of a pirate even before a trial, and performing illegal search and seizures. This is when a good lawyer can be very valuable. Let's discuss how some pirates have responed to "the knock" and what their outcome has been. Some pirates believe that if the FCC has no search warrant you should not let them onto your property; simply say you dont know what they are talking about and invite them to leave. This has usually resulted in the FCC immediately leaving. In some cases the pirate recieved a "Notice" in the mail a few days later and ,in others, nothing further happened and the pirate wisely stopped operating, at least for a while. According to the law enforcement authorities I have interviewed, without a search warrant the FCC can only enter your property with your permission. However I have also found evidence that the FCC is enpowered by the Federal Government to search whenever and whatever they want, although past experiences have shown that they have not forcably searched private property without a search warrant. The law enforcement officers did say that if they do have a warrant, they will likely be accompanied by police or federal marshals and you would be wise to allow them to perform the search without resistance. This could avoid complicating your situation with an arrest charge for obstructing justice and resisting arrest. They went on to advise that you have a right to silence and you should use it; don't tell them anything, don't offer any information and don't talk to anyone except your lawyer. Anything you say could be taken out of context and used in court against you. A warrant only gives them the right to search your property; no one can make you talk. They also advise to video tape the search or at least turn on a tape recorder and record as much as you can. If your rights are violated or the search is performed improperly, the tape could help to prove this in court. Any information and evidence that is obtained in an illegal or unconstitutional search will not be accepted into court, this would include your transmitter and anything else they find. No evidence, No case. Other pirates believe that you should cooperate as much as possible and hope the FCC will give you a break for being cooperative. So far all of the pirates I have talked to who have done this have ended up paying a fine in the end. However, sometimes it may be best to handle things peacefully and just pay your fine and get on with your life. Pirates have been sucessful in the past at convincing the FCC to reduce their fines because they have proven that they are not financially able to pay, some have arranged monthly payments, and some have gone to court and had everything dropped. But we must remember, there have been others who were not as lucky. Many people will say that the FCC has no right to enforce their regulations. They say that the whole idea of the FCC is unconstitutional and unfair. They argue that the FCC can't bust them because they have no right to tell them they can't use the airwaves, after all they belong to the people, and what about free speech!? Well, all of that may be true and it is nice for speeches, but if you think the FCC cannot bust you and fine you for being a pirate, think again. Although it may not be fair, the world is not a fair place and they WILL bust you and they WILL fine you. It is not what we want to believe but it is fact, and we have to live with it (or around it). How you decide to deal with an FCC bust is totaly up to you, it seems that no one has come up with the perfect solution. This chapter in no way should replace good legal advise, it is only intended to provide you with information and different points of view. What you do with it is up to you. GOOD LUCK. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. TRANSMISSION LINES Any antenna that you are going to connect to your transmitter MUST be done through the use of a feedline. Feedlines can be either one of two types, the more common co-axial line and the less common open type. Co-Axial feedline, or simply referred to as COAX, is the most commonly used and is perhaps the safest and easiest way to get your RF to the antenna. With all feedlines there are several determining factors that should be considered before you go out and buy your coax. First, and most important, is to look at your transmitters manual and see what IMPEDANCE LOAD is recommended. Some transmitters can "load" into a variety of impedances and some transmitters will only work correctly with certain impedances. The most common impedance is 50 Ohms. Right now, you should not be concerned with the How-To's and Why's of antenna feedline impedances. The second concern is the RF power rating of the transmitter. Feedlines are rated in both IMPEDANCE and POWER HANDLING, so it's important that you know what you need. For 99% of any type of transmitter/antenna combination you will probably encounter the most generic and all around used coax is RG/8U or the same spec, but smaller RG/8X. Some prefer the RG/8X because it's smaller. RG/8U,X impedance is 50 Ohms and can handle up to 1000 watts. Buy quality cable and not the cheap Radio Shack stuff! There is no critical length to use with feedlines, just keep the length of coax between the transmitter and antenna as short as possible to avoid losses. The more feedline, the more power you will lose before it ever gets to your antenna. Usually, losses are not apparent until the length of the feedline gets to be 100 feet or longer. The Outside end of your coax that connects to the antenna, you should take great care to seal the end to prevent moisture entering the coax! Use lots of electrical tape, silicon sealer, or COAX SEAL tape. The capillary action on the outer braid of your coax cable will actually draw water up through the entire cable. I have seen water come out of coax cable that looked like it was a garden hose! Once your coax becomes water logged it's pretty much useless, but can be used for ground connections in your station! You will also need a medium duty (Several 100 watt) soldering iron for soldering COAX connectors. PL-259 types are the most commonly used and you should ask for silver plated with teflon insulators to get the best connectors. Again, if you buy the Radio Shack cheapies, they could turn out to be more trouble than they are worth! תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. "FEEDING" THE TRANSMITTER Feeding your program audio into your transmitter properly can be a difficult and frustrating challenge! To start with, a Microphone level signal is High in impedance, typically, and quite "small" electrically. This is what the input circuits of your transmitter are expecting to "see" when you operate it in a voice mode. Now, the typical output level of a tape deck is Medium in impedance and electrically much higher than a microphone signal. This is where the trouble starts. Ways to tell if you are experiencing problems is that your transmitted signal will be "Under Modulated" meaning you are not supplying a large enough signal ;or the reverse will be true, your transmitted signal will be "Over Modulated" meaning it will sound distorted, will be wide, and generally, unlistenable. Take heart that both can be cured and all you need is a little knowledge! What you need is a matching network , more commonly known as a PAD, between your program audio and Mic Input of your transmitter. I present you a simple circuit that should work about 99% of the time - Chauncy's Magik Matcher. See Figure 1. Before we jump into the circuit and talk about it's uses, I need to lay down a little ground work first. You should be aware that you have a "Mic Gain" or sometimes called "Audio Gain" control on your transmitter somewhere. What you would like to end up with is a Program Audio Level that will sound correct at about 3/4 of this controls range. This will ensure that you are supplying enough audio without Over or Under Modulating your transmitter. Another recommended item is a way to control the output level of your tape deck. If you are going to purchase a tape deck, it will help if you get one that has a output level control on it. If the one you use does not, you can use the audio part of a Radio Shack Video Processor box to control the line level audio up OR down. These are quite available and are typically $20. For those sharper readers, You may have noticed I haven't mentioned anything about mixing boards! Well, since this manual is geared to the neophyte, live broadcasting can bring on all sorts of problems with RF Feedback into equipment that the beginner doesn't need to deal with. Not that I am opposed to live broadcasting; it's just much easier to produce programs on cassette and then feed the transmitter with a tape deck. You still might experience RF Feedback problems with simpler setups but the cure will be much easier and less overwhelming to deal with. There is another chapter to this manual that discusses RF Feedback and how to cure it. OK, now that we have gotten that information out of the way, let's talk about our matching network or Pad. A Pad simply is a "buffer" that will bridge the impedance mismatch between two pieces of equipment. The circuit we are presenting does this, and also will "Knock Down" the signal level to an acceptable level your transmitter will like and will also "Roll Off" the Low Audio Frequencies that your transmitters audio section won't transmit anyway. You might have noticed there are no values given for the components. This has been done for a reason as it would be impossible to determine the correct values for every type of installation. What I am going to do is give you a "Starting Value" and then it's up to you to experiment with the values by increasing or decreasing them until you find the proper ones. R1 should start out at around 10,000 Ohms or 10K. R2 is a variable resistor with a value of 20K. C1 should start out around .05 uF and can be Ceramic Disc or Mylar. When you use this circuit to pad your transmitter, you can plug the components into a solderless breadboard. While transmitting, listen to yourself "Off the Air" and adjust the values of the components until you find the ones that sound the best to you. R3 is optional to better match the impedance of the transmitter. A possible starting value of around 20K would be a good place to start. Once you have determined the best values, You can solder the mess up and wrap it with electrical tape right into the cable feeding your transmitter! Or if you want to get fancy, you could mount everything into a box. Either way is fine and not critical. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. FREQUENCIES The shortwave spectrum is a big place and each part of it has different characteristics. Knowing where you are and what to expect is a BIG part of successful broadcasting. For the "Big Picture", I refer you to the frequency chart. As you can see, Broadcasting and Amateur Services make up a small part of the spectrum. The services and users on shortwave is staggering, but for all the activity there are selected parts of the spectrum where a Pirate and his Transmitter might find a listening audience! Groups of frequencies that support a particular service have traditionally been assigned a METER BAND designation that is the wavelength of those frequencies and can be used as a "generic" designation to refer to any or all frequencies of a particular band. I have researched pirate activity on the Shortwave bands and based on the usage patterns I am presenting, quite possibly for the first time, a complete list of "Pirate Bands" with unique and accurate Meter band designators. I hope that these are used and adopted by Broadcasters and Listeners. *** PIRATE BANDS *** METER BAND FREQUENCY RANGE NOTES 185 Meters 1610-1640 Khz. The expansion of the Broadcast Band to 1700Khz will see these traditional frequencies lost or pirates may move to 1710 - 1750kHz. 90 Meters 3400-3500 Khz. Some North American pirates have been testing here recently, conditions on this band will be best in the winter. 76 Meters 3900-4000 Khz. Popular in Europe. NOT recommended for use in North America! 74 Meters 4000-4100 Khz. Not much activity in the Past. 51 Meters 5700-5900 Khz. Used occasionally. 48 Meters 6200-6400 Khz. Popular in Europe and used somewhat by North American Pirates. 45 Meters 6400-6800 Khz. see 48 Meters. 44 Meters 6800-7000 Khz. Has seen activity in the past. Perhaps more in1994? 41 Meters 7300-7500 Khz. The Most Popular. 7385, 7415, 7445, 7465 Hot Freq's 38 Meters 7500-8000 Khz. Sporadic Activity Europe & North America. 32 Meters 9300-9500 Khz. Europe & North America Active here. 30 Meters 9900-10000 Khz. Europe & North America Active here. 26 Meters 11400-11500 Khz. Europe & North America Active here. 22 Meters 13900-14000 Khz. Europe & North America Active here. 20 Meters 15000-15100 Khz. Europe & North America Active around 15050. 19 Meters 15500-15700 Khz. 14 Meters 21450-21500 Khz. Good place to experiment with new frequencies! 11 Meters 25900-27000 Khz. It's a jungle out there! And there you have it! There are also a lot of isolated frequencies that see use like 12255 Khz. Radio Clandestine was the first and others have followed by operating inside the Shortwave Broadcast bands as well. SURVIVAL TIP #1 - Unless you are crazy, DO NOT operate your station in a Amateur Band! Not only will you be jammed but in all likelihood the FCC WILL BE notified within minutes! If you want to draw the WRONG kind of attention to yourself, this is the best way! With all these frequency choices it looks like picking a spot to set up shop could be a daunting task. Not so; simply look and listen to where others are being heard and try these frequencies. SUCCESS TIP #1 - When choosing a frequency to use, monitor it for several days to determine who or what might be using it. A clear frequency is a good frequency! For beginning pirates, I suggest that you attempt 41 Meters to start with. Don't worry about the other bands yet. 41 is the easiest to start out with and has the least interference potential and biggest listening audience. You also will probably not have to modify your transmitter in any way to get going on 41 and if your just starting out, keeping things simple and easy as possible will help you greatly. It is difficult enough just getting on the air! With time and experience under your belt, you will develop the skills and confidence to tackle the other bands! For intermediate pirates, give 87, 74, 44, 22, or 14 Meters a try! Most of these bands can be hit without having to modify your amateur transmitter in any way. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. STATION GROUND A happy station is a properly grounded one! Many people overlook the necessity of a good ground system and their stations will suffer because of that. A good ground system is neither expensive or difficult to install. The biggest benefit a good ground system is that of SAFETY! Should your transmitter develop a problem, UNGROUNDED, there is the possibility of LETHAL VOLTAGES being present on the chassis of the transmitter! This means that you could be electrocuted from simply touching your rig! NOT COOL! Now the same transmitter with the same problem, GROUNDED, will simply "Blow" the AC power fuse and prevent you from receiving any kind of shock! Much Better! This also brings me to another.... SAFETY TIP #2 - NEVER, NEVER, NEVER OPERATE YOUR TRANSMITTER UN-FUSED or If it keeps blowing the fuse DO NOT STICK IN A BIGGER FUSE! THIS IS A GOOD WAY TO GET HURT OR KILLED! Another benefit to a proper ground system is that your transmitter will "Tune Up" much more easily and quite possibly give you better "On Air" performance as far as coverage goes. A ground for a transmitter will also help to reduce or eliminate any potential QRM problems! This in itself should be enough to motivate you to ground your station. "OK, I'm convinced! What do I need to do now?" That depends on a couple of things. Your ground will perform best, RF-wise, if you can keep the length of wire connecting your transmitter to the ground rod as short and as large as possible. So with this in mind, try to figure out the best location for planting your ground rod. "Can't I use the traditional Cold Water Pipe connection as a ground?" . Unless your house is old, the probability of PVC or PLASTIC pipe being used to service your house is very high. This means that the cold water pipes running throughout your house probably will not be a good ground. The only way to be sure is to plant your own ground rod. Ground Rods are commonly available through Electrical Supply Houses. Get one that is around EIGHT feet in length, the longer the better. Your better ground rods will be copper coated steel. You can expect to pay in the neighborhood of $15 for a suitable rod. DO NOT USE THE RADIO SHACK 4 FOOT SPECIALS! They are a waste of time because they are not long enough! Now that you have your ground rod, it's plantin' time! Get a ladder and a sledge hammer and with much manual labor, drive that rod down until only 3 or 4 inches are remaining above ground. Connecting the ground rod to the transmitter can be done in several ways. There are a couple of important items that should be observed. The first is to keep the length of the connecting wire as short as possible. Second, use as heavy gauge (Bigger) wire as you can. Last, make sure the wire is one, continuous piece. I have used Romex wire for my ground. Romex is the three conductor wire used for AC wiring in most homes. For best results use all three wires these can be easily stripped out for your ground system. The other alternative is to use the ground braid of the larger coax cable like RG-8. If you have old cable that is no longer suitable for feeding an antenna, it will make quite handy ground wire. Again, this can be stripped out but is a little more difficult and time consuming to do. The connection of the wire to the ground rod can be done with a couple of automotive type hose clamps. Get small ones just big enough to accommodate the wire and rod. Make sure and clean the rod so it's nice and shiney before you make the connection. After you make the connection, paint the exposed rod and connection with Day Glo orange paint to help prevent oxidation and so no one trips over it or runs over it with the lawn mover! Connecting the wire to the transmitter can be done either by connecting the wire directly to the CHASSIS, and there is usually a screw terminal for this purpose or you can get fancy by using a Lug terminal to make the connection. Either way is fine. Now that your transmitter is properly grounded, this point at where the ground rod is connected can and should be used as a connection point to ground the rest of your station equipment as needed. Now for those of you who want the ultimate ground system , here are some more helpful hints. Use multiple ground rods. Two rods will work better than one and four ground rods will perform better that two. Multiple rods will perform best when placed farther apart than they are long. If you use multiple rods, just remember to connect all rods to a single connecting point. Another helpful tip for those who live in areas where soil conductivity is a problem, before you drive your rod, take a post hole digger and dig a post hole down about three feet, drive your rod down the center of this hole and then fill the hole with water softener salt up to about 6 inches from the top of the hole. Fill the rest of the hole with dirt and then the rain will leach out the salt into the soil and increase your ground rod's effectiveness. The downside of this approach is that is salt is corrosive to copper and will destroy your ground rod sooner than normal. Live on the Second or Third story of a apartment building and can't really install a ground? Not a problem, while not as effective as a "True Ground" a "Counterpoise" can be used to help compensate for the lack of a ground rod. A counterpoise is nothing more than a wire that is at least one wavelength long. It is then connected to a transmitters ground terminal and will function somewhat as a ground. To figure out the length of your counterpoise wire, see the section on Antennas. Another alternative is to use a artificial ground. MFJ manufactures one, The Model # is MFJ-931 and lists for $80 and could provide you with alternative ground. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. MOBILE OPERATIONS If you decide to operate your pirate radio station on the move, you will need to prepare your station a little differently than usual. We will discuss what you may encounter as well as possible station setups. First you must decide what kind of broadcast are you going to do, a taped broadcast is always the easiest method however live broadcasting could be possible. Where will you be doing the broadcast and how will you get there? Most mobile set ups are from a remote location in a car or van. You can also broadcast from a tent, out house, airplane, boat, etc. Use your imagination but be sure to consider the following objectives. 1. You must have an adequate power supply for your equipment. Choose an area that has access to AC power, or use a battery operated tape player and a transmitter equipped for 12 volt DC car battery power. If your transmitter won't run from 12 volts DC, then you can buy a DC to AC inverter that hooks to your cars' battery, be sure it can handle the amps required by your radio (some older tube-type radios require up to 500 amps!). Inverters can be purchased from RV dealers and camping retailers. When running from your car battery, be sure to keep the motor running! Radio equipment will drain your battery very quickly. You may find that your equipment will not operate from your cars' DC output.This may mean that your cars' alternator does not produce the amps required, this can be remedied by installing a new, more powerful alternator, but it is expensive. 2. Find a location that you can safely set up your station. This means don't trespass, and avoid locations that will arouse suspicion. The terrain can also play an important role, if you are in a valley your signal may not get out as well as you would like. 3. Make sure you have a safe place to erect an antenna, Avoid stringing wires near power lines! You can use one of the popular HAM radio automobile antennas or you can erect your own dipole or other antenna if you have available supports. If you have a tree nearby you can use it for a very effective support for your antenna. A good way to get the wires into the trees is to use a sling shot to launch a weight tied to 50lb test fishing line across the top of the tree, the line can then be tied to the antenna and pulled to the top of the tree. 4. Provide a good ground for your equipment This may require going to the location in advance and pounding a copper rod into the ground. 5. Set up your station in a manner that will allow you a quick exit if needed. Choose a place that provides a good view of the entrance and at least two exits so you will be able to spot trouble and escape before it arrives. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. RADIO "NEIGHBORS" In the course of your pirate activities you could run into many types of stations. This part of the manual will explain who they are. MARS - No these transmission do not originate from the red planet but come from the "Military Affiliated Radio System". There are literally 100's of these nets that are active OUTSIDE the normal amateur band limits. Most stations in these nets use a 3x1x3 type callsign, i.e. NNN9YES. Modes used are USB & SELCALL AMTOR. They typically handle message type traffic. DO NOT INTERFERE WITH THESE OPERATIONS! Since they are run by hams, you WILL get reported to the FCC for interference! Most of the nets I have heard typically only run during the day and most of them are finished by 2000 GMT. Unless you are into early broadcasting you probably will not have to worry about interfering with a MARS net but it helps to be aware that they are there and should be avoided at all costs! SPANISH LANGUAGE NETS - Much speculation abounds as to the source and purpose of these operations. Since callsigns are never heard, it is probably safe to assume that these transmissions are of the unauthorized nature and will have little if any consequence for you by interfering with them. More than likely they will move to another frequency if they experience QRM from you. It's also possible that your signal could be QRM'd by these stations as well so avoidance is a good strategy. MILITARY NETS - These nets can show up anywhere at anytime. Most originate from units on maneuvers in the field. Calls consist of 2 or 3 letters typically. Most military HF gear uses a channelized system so they usually have no idea where they are in the HF spectrum! I would not suggest that you operate on or near these types of nets. Not that it will get you reported to the FCC since most field units have no or difficult phone access, but that they will QRM your broadcasts. Avoidance again should be used. Take heart in knowing that these type of nets don't stay on any frequency for any great length of time. RTTY - Stands for Radio TeleTYpe which is a forerunner of todays digital transmission modes and still are in widespread use on the HF bands. Avoid these stations! Not only are they licensed users but their signals will interfere with your signal much more than you would ever bother them. I have seen demonstrations of RTTY signals copied 100% when the signal, in my opinion, was totally useless! It is probably rare that your activities would generate a interference complaint from these stations. SWBC - Super Wide BroadCast or ShortWave BroadCast, take your pick. These stations should be avoided like the plague! They typically run 100's of KILOWatts and ruin 10+Khz chunks of the spectrum where they broadcast. Your low power signal will be obliterated so give these station a wide berth! OTHER SERVICES - Spy Numbers, Fishing Boats, VOLMET, Time. The shortwave spectrum is a busy place and you could run into anything! The basic rule of thumb is: if your not sure what it is just avoid it! This could keep you out of trouble and your listeners will appreciate it! תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. PRODUCING A SHOW What you decide to put on the air is only limited to your imagination, every day someone is thinking of an idea that has not yet been tried on pirate radio. This is what is so appealing about pirate radio: listeners are treated to unique and interesting material. Even if the material is not what each listener agrees with or likes, most appreciate the fact that it is genuine, without bias from commercial sponsors, or governmental influences. With that in mind, it is my wish that this book does not influence the content of your programming, I will offer suggestions on technique and ideas, but the final outcome of your work should reflect what you enjoy, believe, and feel; your show should reflect the reason you wanted to be a pirate in the first place. In order to write this chapter, I must make a few assumptions. First I will assume that you will want to be popular with your listeners, and second I will assume that you will want to develop some sort of a following of regular listeners. If you do not fit this category, don't feel that you are wrong; many pirates broadcast without concern for who listens or what they think and desire no kind of recognition what so ever. If this is what you want, that's great, that's what it is all about: individual choices. Once you have set up your studio and decided it is time to produce a show, you will likely have a certain subject matter or format in mind. If you don't, then take some time and review why you wanted to be a pirate in the first place, was it to make a certain point or political view, do you want to entertain or inform, do you just want to play your favorite music, or do you want to do all of the above? In most cases you will be sucessful at anything that you enjoy doing. Concentrate on what you would like to hear from a station; chances are that if you like the show others will also. The important thing is to jump right in and have fun. Dont spend too much time trying to sound like a professional DJ, and you don't necesarily have to make a point, the content of your show will stand alone. Pirate radio listeners are not like the average FM broadcast station listener. Pirate radio listeners aren't hypnotized by a slick sound, they listen to content, they appreciate what you are doing, in fact most pirate listeners report that their favorite stations are the ones who use homemade productions as opposed to commercially made material. They also report that they like the stations who do more than just play music, after all you can hear music anywhere. Whatever you decide to do, quality production skills, and quality technical skills will certainly put your station on the top of any DXers list. Quality production skills are not difficult to learn. Quality does not mean elaborate or complicated, it simply means clean, understandable audio, proper use of equipment, and attention to detail. If you throw a show together with little concern for quality, it will certainly be noticed by your listeners; don't insult them by broadcasting a bunch of junk just to fill up time. There can be a whole lot more to being a radio pirate than just being on the air. Here are a few tips that will help you produce a better program: 1. Go easy with the special effects, Reverb sounds great, but after it is bombarded by noise and weakened by distance, it often can't be understood and is quite annoying. If you speak in a normal voice, with no echo or overpowering background effects, you will be more likely to get your message to your listeners. Always be aware that long distant shortwave listening is often difficult, so your programming should contain material that is easily understood, a good production can be overdone with too many effects and background noise. Sometimes things are better if kept simple. 2. ID your station often, speak clearly and repeat your ID. It also helps to have different people give your station ID; some voices are easier to understand through the noise than others. Some stations give their ID phoneticly, others have used Morse code. 3. It is a good idea to have a few identifiable traits about your show, this will help regular listeners recognize your station. In the past stations have used traits such as Seal barks, Dogs barking, a few bars of music or chimes , musical IDs. Some always play the same song at the beginning or end of their broadcast. 4. When editing a tape, make the edits clean and tight. Avoid long pauses. If you are recording to a cassette tape, and you have a good recorder, you can use the pause control to make fair edits but be sure to go back and check the edits often, most decks are designed with the erase head placed up to an inch away from the playback head, this can cause you to either clip what you have just recorded, or create a longer than desireable pause. Know how your recorder works, make a few test edits to learn the characteristics of it, with practice, you can make very clean and tight edits with a cassette deck. 5. Use a mixer to soften changes from one audio source to another. A cheap mixer can add a lot of professionalism to a show. It also will make your production time much easier and more enjoyable. 6. If your recorder has an audio level meter try to make sure all of your audio is at the same level, and make sure the overall level is correct; if it is too high you may get distortion on the audio peaks, if it is too low you will have increased noise on the tape. Nothing is more annoying than hearing a pirate station with music coming in at a good level but the announcers voice is so low you can hardly hear him. Or worse yet, the station is coming in very well, but it is so distorted that you can't understand a thing that is being said. If you don't have an audio level meter, you will have to trust your ears. With practice it can be done. 7. Because you can't announce a schedule, most of your listeners are forced to try to find you while you are on the air; this usually means that very few people ever hear the first few minutes of your show. When you put your show together, it is better to put the most important parts at the end of the show. Many pirates play a few minutes of music at the beginning of each show to allow the listeners time to find them, others play an interval signal much like what is heard before licensed short wave broadcasters go on the air. This lets the listener know that someone is getting ready to broadcast. The interval signal has a few drawbacks, first it requires you to be transmitting longer, thus giving the authorities more time to find you, and second your interval signal may not be heard by someone who is just scanning the bands. 8. In most cases it is wise to avoid live broadcasting . To broadcast live and sound good is a VERY difficult thing to do. This is not to say it cant be done, many stations have the talent and experience to do it well. However, others do it and it is disasterous. Live broadcasts can result in lots of dead air; if you encounter a problem you will have to be prepared to solve it while maintaining a live show in the air. If you tape your shows you will have time to review what you have done and redo it if needed, you can take as long as you like to think of what to say next, and you will almost always sound better. And on the technical side, it is much easier to connect a single tape deck to the transmitter and eliminate the RF noise and feed back, than to connect a whole studio to the transmitter. If your show is on tape you will have the freedom to perform other important tasks while on the air, like maintaining a look out. 9. Ground your studio equipment and use shielded cables to prevent audio "hiss" and equipment "hum". Use quality recording tape (you get what you pay for). 10. Use quality audio input, avoid scratchy records and bad tapes, If you use a poor quality microphone your audio could sound "muddy" or "tinny" good mikes arent always expensive. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. PROPAGATION Like I mentioned in the section on Frequencies, each part of the spectrum acts "differently" depending on many variables of natural conditions. Propagation is a fascinating science and can be studied for many years without ever learning it all! This section is intended ONLY as a rough guide and there are many books that cover this subject in more detail. Should you wish to learn more, look wherever radio books are sold! Rather than explain about such things as Sun Spots, 11 Year Cycles, A & K Indexs, etc. I'm just going to outline general propagation characteristics for each of our newly designated pirate bands. 185, 87 and 74 Meters - During the hours of daylight, reception should be possible up to 200 miles. During the hours of darkness, reception should be possible up to 1000 or more miles. During years of low solar activity, long distance reception at night is not uncommon. High static levels make reception difficult during late spring, summer and early fall. 48, 44 and 41 Meters - During the hours of daylight, reception should be possible up to 1000 miles. During the hours of darkness, reception should be possible up to several thousand miles or more. During the Winter Dawn and Dusk periods it is possible to have reception from the other side of the world, as signals follow the darkness path. Late spring, summer and early fall will contribute to higher static levels. 32 and 30 Meters - During the hours of daylight, reception should be possible up to 400 to 1500 miles. During the spring, summer and fall seasons reception during the hours of darkness should be possible up to several thousand miles. During the winter months in the hours of darkness should produce only marginal reception. 26 Meters - During the hours of daylight reception should be possible up to 500 and 2000 miles during the entire year. Longer distances should be possible for a hour or two after local sunrise and during late afternoon and early evening. During the spring and summer reception should also be good during the hours of darkness. 22 Meters - During the hours of daylight reception should be possible up to 600 and 1800 miles and increasingly further during the winter season. During late afternoon, early evening and for several hours around the sunrise period, reception should be possible from 1000 miles to HALFWAY AROUND THE WORLD! During the summer months reception of very long distance can be expected during the hours of darkness. During the peak years of solar activity, this band will be "open" almost on a 24 hour basis. During low solar activity, this band will be "open" mainly during daylight hours and is especially good in the dawn and dusk periods. 20 Meters - The best reception will occur for an hour or two after local sunrise and again during the late afternoon and early evening. Medium and short distance reception should be possible during the daylight hours. During the summer season excellent reception conditions may also extend well into the hours of darkness. This band shows highly variable propagation depending on the solar activity levels. During high sunspot years, this band will be favorable to long distance reception almost 24 hours a day. At mid levels, this band will produce the most favorable reception during the daylight hours. Sporadic E type skip, single hop up to 1300 miles and double hop up to 2600 miles, is common during early summer and mid-winter. 14 Meters - Primarily a daytime band. Conditions should be optimal for long distance reception during the fall, winter and spring seasons. During the summer season, reception will favor North-South paths. Because of decreasing solar activity, conditions on this band will be marginal. 11 Meters - Primarily a daytime band. Conditions are more dependent on high solar activity than any other band. Long distance reception during the daylight hours should be possible up to several thousand miles during the fall, winter and early spring seasons. During equinoctial seasons, reception will favor North-South paths. During the winter season, reception will favor East-West paths. During the summer season, reception should be possible from 800 to 1200 miles. Sources of Up to Date Propagation Information: Geological Survey of Canada, Geophysics Division in Ottawa. For a 72 Hour Forecast call (613) 992-1299 WWV & WWVH. 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and sometimes on 20.0 Mhz. or you can call (303) 499-7111 Geophysical Reports are issued during the 18th minute of each hour. Geophysical Alerts are issued during the 46th minute of each hour. "What do the Numbers mean that I hear in the Reports?" SOLAR FLUX - A relative indication of Sunspot Activity. The Range is 0 to 200. The Higher the Number, the increased likelihood of Band Openings in the Higher Parts of the Spectrum. A INDEX - A relative indication of Geomagnetic Activity averaged over the last 24 Hours. The Range is 0 to 400. The lower the number, the better propagation conditions should be. K INDEX - The same as A Index except averaged over the last 3 Hours. The Range is 0 to 5. Lower is Better! Also note that QUIET = 0 or 1, UNSETTLED = 1 to 3 and ACTIVE = 4 to 5. Use "Beacon Stations". If India on 7412Khz or Botswana on 7415Khz is booming in, you can be pretty sure that the band is open somewhere! Time Stations make suitable beacon stations as well! Selected list of Amateur Beacon Stations: 10.144 DK0WCY Germany 30 Watts Dipole 14.100 4U1UN New York 100 Watts Ground Plane 14.100 W6WX California 100 Watts Turnstile 14.100 KH6HO Hawaii 100 Watts Ground Plane 14.100 JA2IGY Japan 100 Watts Vertical 14.100 4X4TU Israel 100 Watts Ground Plane 14.100 OH2B Finland 100 Watts Ground Plane 14.100 CT3B Portugal 100 Watts Vertical 14.100 ZS6DN South Africa 100 Watts Ground Plane 14.100 LU4AA Argentina 100 Watts ??? 18.080 PY2AMI Brazil ??? ??? 24.901 PY2AMI Brazil ??? ??? This should be enough for you to start getting a handle on the fundamentals of propagation. The best way to learn, is to Listen, Listen, Listen and Read, Read, Read! תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. QRM These 3 very important letters are taken from the Amateur Radio "Q Codes" and literally mean "Is my transmission being interfered with?" or "Your transmission is being interfered with." The source of the interference is typically MAN made. QRN means the same thing except the source of the interference comes from NATURAL causes. While broadcasting and another of your radio neighbors decides to use the frequency you have chosen, You are being QRM'd. This is unfortunate but since you are not supposed to be there anyway, just move to another frequency! While broadcasting and YOUR transmitter is QRMing your neighbors TV, Radio, Stereo, Phone, etc. you have a SERIOUS PROBLEM! Do not ignore it! From what little information on pirate busts I have obtained, MOST seem to be related to unresolved interference problems! It is in your best interests to take a active approach to solving your QRM problem. If you do not solve QRM problems, the FCC WILL take steps to solve the problem! Since we know what their solution is, I am going to present easier, less costly, painless ways to solve your problem. START WITH YOUR OWN GEAR - Perhaps the most overlooked part of any station is a good ground system. See the chapter on Station Ground Systems. Use a low-pass filter on your transmitter. This is a passive device that you insert into the feedline between the Transmitter and Antenna. While not difficult to build, for a beginner, I would recommend purchasing one. You can expect to pay between $25 to $75 for a GOOD low pass filter. They are rated in Watts so you need to know much power your transmitter runs so you won't get one that is to "small". Some of the better units are tuneable, which will help to knock down harmonic interference greatly. Any Ham Radio Equipment catalog will carry several Low Pass filters, so they are not hard to find. While more advanced, your Transmitters Parasitic Supressors could be "smoked". Your Transmitter will appear to operate normally, as it should, if your supressors are fried but will generate more harmonic type QRM than is normal. See Figure 1 for a schematic of a parasitic suppressor. Usually mistuning a transmitter is enough to burn out the resistor in a suppressor and since the resistor is in parallel with the coil, you cannot easily tell if the resistor is fried with out un-soldering one side of the coil. If the resistor looks like a charcoal cylinder, it's pretty safe to assume it's bad. "Hey, my Transmitter doesn't use parasitic supressors!", find somebody to add them. It is not terribly difficult and can be done by anyone who knows how to solder and wind some wire around a resistor! Learn how to properly tune your transmitter! If your transmitter is not tuned correctly you could be generating interference. Read and study your manual! Do not "over-drive" the transmitter! This will generate QRM and also make your signal wide, splatter, and sound distorted! It is easy to over-drive any Transmitter. The best way to check if your pushing your transmitter to hard is to listen to yourself off the air. You may find that you need to put some distance between yourself and the transmitter to keep from overloading your receivers front end into distorting. This is simple to rectify, simply reduce the "Audio Gain" on the transmitter or reduce the line level audio feeding the transmitter until your signal's audio clears up. Use a properly constructed, RESONANT, antenna! See the chapter on antennas for more information. You could find that it is your choice of an antenna that is giving you problems. Watch the TV in your house to see if you are interfering with it. Check your phone, stereo, etc. and notice any interference problems, if any. This will help to determine if you are really at fault. It is always convincing if you can demonstrate that you do not interfere with reception in your own home. "I'VE DONE ALL THIS AND I STILL QRM MY NEIGHBORS!" - This is where the game can get interesting and you need to have your "cover story" well rehearsed in order not to "tip off" anyone to ILLEGAL activities! If you have any experience with phone phreaking, the term "Social Engineering" will mean a great deal to you. Should you not know what "Social Engineering" is, I will try to tell you what it means in general and how to apply it to dealings with neighbors. Social Engineering is the art or getting information out of people without raising their suspicions. Sounds easy doesn't it? Believe it or not, in practice it is quite easy to use. Remember, none of the following information will do you ANY good if your neighbor and yourself are already on bad terms! The damage has already has been done and you should concentrate your efforts on the preceding information! It is in your best interests to stay on friendly terms with your neighbor because He or She can very easily end your pirate career with unpleasant results! תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. RF FEEDBACK No matter what you do, RF Feedback WILL rear its ugly head in one form or another at your station. Perhaps the only way to avoid RF Feedback is to use a Studio To Transmitter link (STL) to get your transmitter away from the rest of the station. Don't worry, you won't have to go to that extreme! RF Feedback can be cured 99.99% of the time. All it takes is a little understanding of the problem and some tried and true cures. RF Feedback is caused by being in close proximity to a source of High Level RF Energy. It doesn't mean that your equipment is really at fault, other than being too darn close! Anything electronic is a potential victim for RF Feedback and it will be quite apparent when RF Feedback is present! The simplest cure for RF Feedback is the RF Choke. A RF Choke is a coil wrapped around a ferrite core to impede the flow of RF Energy. Radio Shack manufactures a snap on unit, it works well. A cheaper, and sometimes just as effective, alternative is the ferrite rod from an old AM Radio's loopstick antenna. Whatever you can come up with should be used. The key to using RF Chokes is in the amount of turns you can use: The more the better. Places to use chokes are on the AC Power cords and ALL Audio Cables. Electrical tape helps keeps the wraps in place. Another simple way to reduce the possibility of RF feedback is to make sure that any patch cords or audio cables are high quality shielded cables. Cheap cables are more trouble than they are worth. Also try plugging your transmitter and audio source into different AC outlets. If you still suffer from RF Feedback problems, the next step is to install Bypass Capacitors into the effected equipment. I suggest using .01 uF Ceramic Disc capacitors rated at 1000 volts. To properly de-RF a piece of gear, you need to concentrate your efforts in two places. First, the Power Supply of the unit. Typically, RF will enter via the AC line cord and get into the power supply affecting everything else. Open the unit, MAKE SURE IT'S UNPLUGGED! Locate the power supply, if you don't know what a power supply looks like you might want to find someone who does. Places to install bypass capacitors are on each side of the AC line cord to ground, across the Secondary windings of the transformer to ground and finally, across the rectifiers to ground. This should clear up any RF getting into the power supply. Should you still suffer, the next step is to bypass all the line in and out connectors on the gear. Simply connect your capacitor from the Hot Side (Center Conductor) to the chassis ground. Also make sure the equipment is properly grounded in the first place! Do this for all the connectors, regardless if they are used or not. And finally, don't forget about your speaker connections, they might be bypassed as well since speaker wire tends to act as an antenna! If you try all this and you still have problems, try moving the transmitter or antenna farther away, sometimes a few feet can make all the difference in the world. You may even have to resort to trying another tape deck, some cheap tape decks are impossible to protect from feedback. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. Sources of other pirate radio information The Association of Clandestine Enthusiasts. The A*C*E features a monthly bulletin that reports on pirate, clandestine, covert, and other unexplained broadcasts, also the readers are provided with other available material concerning motives, explanations, and theories behind these various broadcasts and broadcasters. The A*C*E has many regular features like pirate loggings, QSL reports, pirate news, etc. P.O. Box 11201, Shawnee Mission, KS. 66207-0201 The Pirate Pages. a bi-weekly newsletter with recent pirate logings, and news related to pirate radio listening and broadcasting. P.O.Box 109, Blue Ridge Summit, PA. 17214 Pirate Radio Stations. A very well written book by Andrew Yoder. Covers pirate radio from the past and present, lots of good information. Tab Books, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17294 - 0850 The Pirate Radio Directory. A very complete yearly listing of all active pirate radio stations. Written by George Zeller and Andrew Yoder, this book gives a brief description of each station as well as photos of QSL cards. Tiare Publications, P.O. Box 493, Lake Geneva, WI 53147 Antique Electronics Supply, Inc. A good source for transmitter tubes and hard to find parts for older transceivers. P.O. Box 27468, Tempe, AZ 85285 (602) 820-5411 DVS Communications. Source for transmitter manuals, audio mods, consulting, and equipment acquisition. They also have a great collection of studio quality pirate radio recordings. These are great for entertainment and for giving you good ideas for your station. Send SASE for list to, P.O. Box 452, Wellsville, NY 14895 ANARC SWL HAM Net. 7240 kHz LSB 1500 GMT sunday mornings. Tune in to hear everything from pirate loggings to DX tips and technical information. ANARC - BBS. Use your modem and computer to contact pirate listeners, read and contribute loggings, and get the latest in pirate news. 1-(913) 345-1978 Radio Hobby , BBS. Has a pirate logging and message area much like the ANARC BBS. 1-(708) 238-1901 Free Radio Network , BBS. Dedicated to Pirate radio, has an extensive filebase with lots of good information, also many Pirates log on to this bbs and can be contacted for help and advise 1-(417) 624-1809 Internet Web page http:\\www.clandjop.com\~jcruzan תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. BUILDING A PRODUCTION STUDIO Unless you plan to broadcast some sort of pre - produced programming, or plan to relay other pirate radio stations, chances are you will need to put together your own material for broadcast. In this section we will discuss some of the ways you can build a production studio that will serve your particular needs. A production studio does not need to be something you might see at a commercial radio station, it can be a simple as you allow it to be or as complicated as you want it to be. We will assume for now that you will be preparing pre recorded material for broadcasting at a later time. Much of this material will also apply to a live setup, but will become more complicated as the subject of RF feedback surfaces. To prepare a taped program, all you need is a way to record on the tape, this can be a small pocket tape recorder. You can simply record your message and use the pause control to perform minor edits. After you have completed the messages the recorder can be connected to the transmitter and the show played back over the air. Most pirates desire more creative freedom than this, some pirate stations have studios that rival commercial setups, as you grow with the pirate radio hobby it is likely that your studio will also grow. It is almost always a good idea to start small and improve your setup as you need to, don't get too anxious and spend hundreds of dollars buying equipment that you find later you didn't need. A good way to begin is with your own stereo system, most are equipped with a tape deck, a turntable, and possibly a CD player. Using an inexpensive microphone, you can turn a system like this into a decent low cost recording studio. Using the pause control on the tape deck you will be able to record your voice, pause the tape, record music from another source, pause the tape, then record your voice again, etc. This results in sometimes abrupt edits, but if you read the section on Producing a show, you can pick up a few tips that will help you improve this. If you don't have a stereo system you can usually find good used components at local pawn shops and garage sales, shop around and you will likely get it at a reasonable price. One of the first additions that is made to a pirate studio is a mixer. A mixer is a device that allows you to connect the outputs of various components (such as turn tables, CD players, tape decks, microphones, etc) to its input. The mixer's output is then connected to the input of a tape recorder. The mixer combines these signals and allows you to vary the volume of each signal. This facilitates talking over music, fading from one source to another, and gives you infinite control over all of your audio levels. A mixer can add a professional sound to any studio. Prices of mixers vary from a thirty dollar Radio Shack mixer to as much as you want to pay. The price will depend greatly on how many sources you want to mix as well as how much control over the signal you want to have; some mixers have built in special effects and graphic equalizers. Special effects sometimes find their way into a pirate studio; though they are interesting and fun, they are rarely necessary. However if this is something you want to try, there are a number of sources for these effects. Effects boxes for electric guitars are often available on the used market and are usually adaptable to a studio setup. There are a wide variety to choose from; everything from echo to phase shifting can be found. By far the most common effect that is used is the echo chamber, or reverb. Radio Shack makes a low cost microphone reverb unit for around 30 dollars. Be sure to read the section on Producing a show and not over using special effects. Some pirates have created their own special effects, such as modifying a tape recorder to play back at a slower or faster speed to change their voice, Kits can be purchased for complex voice disguisers. Your imagination is your only limit. Another helpful addition to your studio might be a graphic equalizer. Placed in line just before the tape recorder, the equalizer can help improve the overall quality of your recording. Shortwave usually makes music sound terrible; if you can improve the sound before it gets to the transmitter, you may be able to improve your on air sound as well. A compressor- limiter will also help your on air sound, this device will help you maintain a more stable overall audio level and sometimes makes your signal appear stronger. One often overlooked studio component is the video cassette recorder. A vcr can be connected to your mixer to allow you to use audio from movies, TV, etc. this can be a great creative source. Now that you have built your studio and made your first program, it is time to broadcast it for the world to hear. One obstacle still remains: how do you get the audio from the tape deck to the input of the transmitter. Much of this will depend upon the type of transmitter you have chosen. In most cases the audio source from the tape deck will replace the microphone on the transmitter. This is one reason it is a good idea to have to manual for your radio. It will likely be necessary to wire the output from your tape recorder to a plug that fits your radio. This may include a switch to enable and disable the push to talk function of your radio. Since this varies widely from radio to radio I can only refer to this in the most general terms. If you are not electronically inclined, you should find a friend to help you with this. It is not a difficult task on most radios (see "FEEDING " the TRANSMITTER). תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. SWR Standing Wave Ratio or SWR is probably another mis-understood concept in radio that has a tendency to mess up some people. While I'm not going to get extremely technical, I will try to explain what SWR means and how you can cure High SWR readings. SWR is a term used to measure the amount or ratio of RF Power that IS being radiated by your antenna to RF Power that is NOT being radiated and reflected back into your feedline/transmitter. The actual formula to determine this involves some complex math and I'm not going to get into it. Instead, I refer you to the diagram of a typical station layout showing the transmitter to antenna RF path. If you see where the SWR/Power Meter is placed in the line, you can understand why it's able to measure this. A perfect SWR is 1 to 1. This means that all RF power is being radiated by the load or antenna and none of it is being reflected back. "What causes RF Power to be reflected back?", Most typically the cause of this problem is by using a Non-Resonant or Random Length Antenna. You can quickly understand the importance of using resonant antennas is to MAXIMIZE your on air signal by actually radiating ALL the power you are transmitting! "What happens to the Reflected Power?", It returns back into your transmitter's tank circuit and finals to be dissipated as waste heat! This should be avoided if possible. In fact, some of the newer solid state transmitters will shut down if the SWR becomes too high, in order to protect the finals. As your SWR increases, your radiated power decreases. Typically, your SWR can be as high as 2 or 3 to 1 before any real problems start. To maximize your signal you should try and keep the SWR below 2 to 1. SWR/Power meters can be purchased easily and even the cheaper ones tend to work just about as well as the more expensive models. There are several features available with these instruments. You must make sure that the meter can handle the power level you are running! Typically, most meters will measure up to 1KW but not always. I prefer the dual meter type where I can watch my FORWARD and REVERSE power at the same time. Any type of meter is fine as long as you obtain and use one! "How can I reduce the SWR of my dipole antenna?", In order to do this, you need to determine the RESONANT FREQUENCY of your existing antenna. Now, in the chapter on antennas we discussed how to "cut" a dipole for the 40 meter pirate band, However, depending on the antennas proximity to other structures and height from ground, the math used to determine the length of the antenna is only a close approximation. To find out just where your antenna IS resonant, tune up and check the SWR at 100 Khz points across the 40 meter band. For example: 7000 Khz ......... SWR 3.5 7100 Khz ......... SWR 2.4 7200 Khz ......... SWR 1.8 7300 Khz ......... SWR 1.0 7400 Khz ......... SWR 2.0 7500 Khz ......... SWR 3.2 As you can see from this SWR plot, our antenna is RESONANT around 7300 Khz and becomes LESS resonant (i.e. SWR increases) the farther we move away from 7300 Khz. To correct this problem, we would need to CUT wire, about one or two inches at a time from each end of the dipole and repeat the measurements until we make the dipole resonant around 7400 Khz. If the antenna were resonant around 7500 Khz. you would need to ADD wire to each end of your dipole until you LOWERED the resonant frequency. Now I would like to talk about Antenna Tuners or Matchers. A ANTENNA TUNER WILL NOT MAKE YOUR ANTENNA A MORE EFFICIENT RADIATOR! "What?", you say! "With my antenna tuner I can make my SWR 1 to 1 where before it was 4 to 1.", that's true, but if you look at our station diagram, a antenna tuner only makes the standing wave 1 to 1 between itself and the transmitter! NOT between the tuner and Antenna! If you doubt this, move your SWR meter to the Antenna side of the matcher to see what is going on. The only advantage to using an antenna tuner is in the rare case you cannot erect a resonant antenna, a antenna tuner will let your transmitter load up into just about anything, but it is NOT and should NOT be used as a substitute for a RESONANT antenna! The last theory I would like to debunk is that of "Cutting Your Coax" to decrease the SWR. The length of your feedline IN NO WAY will affect your SWR! Cutting or Lengthening it will accomplish nothing but wasting your time! Purists will argue this point and I will tell you that for certain antenna applications, feedline length DOES play an important part. Even more so, Radio Buffs will tell you that for the most accurate SWR measurements, the instrument should be placed at even wavelength multiples in the feedline, or better yet, right at the antenna feedpoint. These are true and much more difficult to accomplish. Just placing the meter in line will give you a close enough reading to spot any troubles in your antenna or feedline. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT G.M.T. The universal time scale, also known as Greenwich Mean Time or Greenwich Civil Time, is based on the mean angle of rotation of the earth about its axis in relation to the sun. It is referenced to the prime meridian that passes through Greenwich, England. Since actual solar days vary throughout the year, a mean solar day of 24 hours is used to denote one revolution. Determinations of the rotation of the earth relative to the sun are made by observing mean sidereal rotation of the earth and converting it to mean solar rotation by ephemeris tables based on the accumulated data of many astronomical observatories. Mean solar rotation derived from uncorrected astronomical observations is denoted UT0. Annual variations occur in the speed of rotation of the earth and are probably due to seasonal changes in the wind patterns of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. There is also a semiannual variation due chiefly to tidal action of the sun, which distorts the shape of the earth slightly. The cumulative effect of these variations is that the earth is late about 30 milliseconds or 0.45 arc second near June 1, and is ahead about 30 milliseconds or 0.45 arc second near October 1 each year. When UT0 is corrected for these periodic variations, it is denoted UT1. Irregular variations in the speed of rotation of the earth also occur. These may be due to turbulent motions in the core of the earth. In addition, friction of the ocean tides causes a decrease in speed of about one millisecond per century. Observations of these effects throughout the world are reported to the Bureau International de l'Heure at Paris, which issues corrections to UT1 to establish UT2. "Standard Times" are based on UT1 or on UT2. The world is divided into 24 zones, each 15 degrees of longitude, or 1 hour angle, apart. The meridian of Greenwich, England, is the center of the zero zone, which extends to 7.5 degrees east and west. Proceeding eastward from Greenwich, the zones are numbered 1 to 12 with the prefix "plus" to indicate the hour angle to be added to universal time to obtain local "standard time". Proceeding westward, the zones are numbered 1 to 12 with the prefix "minus" to indicate the hour angle to be subtracted from universal time to obtain local "standard time". For example, Washington, DC, at longitude 77 degrees West, is in time zone -5. Actual boundaries of time zones are defined by law or custom and generally do not coincide with the theoretical zone, even in some places at sea. In many areas, local legal "standard time" differs by 60 or 30 minutes from theoretical standard time. Note the above does not take into account "daylight savings time" or "summer hours". These are purely set by custom or law, and vary from country to country. WWV and Universal Time. WWV and WWVH broadcast voice announcements of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) each minute. The reference time scale is the Coordinated Time Scale maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards. The UTC(NIST/NBS) scale includes small frequency offsets relative to the NIST primary frequency standard for coordination purposes. The 24-hour system is used. Numbering starts with 0000 for midnight at the Greenwich Meridian (longitude zero). The first two figures give the hour, and the last two figures give the number of minutes past the hour when the next .8 second tone begins after the announcement. Prior to 1/1/72, time signals broadcast from WWV and WWVH were kept in close agreement with UT2 (astronomical time) by making adjustments of 100 milliseconds as necessary. On December 31, 1971, the UTC (NIST/NBS) scale was retarded 0.01076 second to give it an initial difference of exactly 10 seconds late with respect to the International Atomic Time (TAI) scale as maintained by the Bureau International d l'Heure (BIH). Since the new UTC rate (effective January 1, 1972) is no longer adjusted periodically to agree with the rotation rate of the earth, UTC departs more rapidly than before from earth rotation time (UT1), gaining about 1 second per year. Corrections to UTC are now made in step adjustments of exactly 1 second (called a leap second), as directed by BIH. The leap second adjustments ensure that UTC signals as broadcast never differ from UT1 by more than about +0.7 second. Corrections no longer relate to UT2. P.R.S.G. Notes: 99% of all Shortwave Listeners use GMT time. You should learn how to use GMT correctly, REMEMBER TO ADVANCE THE DATE AFTER 2359! תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. VERIFYING YOUR EFFORTS So now you have made your first transmission, you will likely have the same question in mind that most pirates have after a broadcast. Did anyone hear that? There are several ways to find out how well you were heard. One way is to watch the hobby newsletters and publications for loggings of your station, this requires patience because even the fastest newsletters will take a few days or weeks to arrive; the magazines can be as much as three or four months behind. Hobby publications are a great place to see what is going on and who is doing what. I would highly recommend the ACE or Pirate Pages as a good source for keeping up with the pirate scene. But when you have worked hard to achieve a good signal, you really need some hard data that will tell you what you are doing wrong and right. The best way to obtain this information is from the people who listen to you. Pirate Radio listeners collect cards that verify that they have heard your station (QSL cards). Most listeners in exchange for one of your cards will provide a fairly detailed report of your signal as well as comments about the programming content. From these reports you can determine where you are heard the strongest, how well your audio was understood, and what your listeners like to hear. This is information that commercial radio stations pay a fortune to find out. How you get these reports is not easy. You cannot give your home address or phone number on the air, and using any address that is local to you will lead the wrong people to you. The most logical option is to use a maildrop, the idea is simple. A mail drop is operated by a person who wishes to support free radio and will act as a forwarding point for your mail. This means that you will have to expose your identity to some one else; however the operators of the major mail drops are extremely secure and are trusted by hundreds of pirate stations. In order to obtain the services of a mail drop you will first need to contact the operator. They will in turn advise you of their rules and ask you for pertinent information such as where you want your mail forwarded to and the name of your station, etc. Most operators have a few rules that they expect to be followed; some require that you announce that the listeners send three stamps to pay the cost of postage to the pirates address and back. Most drop operators operate their drops for free, your respect of his time is important, he is doing you a great service and you should do as much as possible to make it easier for him. During your broadcasts you will announce the address of your drop with any specific instructions such as, "send a detailed report and your comments on the show, with three stamps". The listeners will prepare their reports and send them to your drop operator. He in turn repackages the reports and mails them to your address. You will then reaview the reports for accuracy , prepare whatever you want to send to the listeners and mail them with appropriate postage to the mail drop operator. He will then mail the responses to the listeners. This is a great way to gain listeners. The pirate radio community is surprisingly well informed; a station that does not respond to listeners reports will soon be known to all and notice a sharp drop in listener response. However a station that verifies reports with reliability will be well liked by the listeners and will likely see an increase in mail coming into their drop. The bottom line is, if you don't plan to verify listener's reports, don't ask for them. When you get your reception reports don't just gaze over them and throw them out, you can get a lot of good information from them. Look at where your signal is strongest; according to the design of your antenna does this reflect what you were trying to do? If someone says that you sounded distorted, was this because you were over modulated? Or did you use too much echo? Look at what type of radio the listener has; if it is a cheap low end radio you can expect his signal to be less than the guy with the mega-buck deluxe model. Did he use a good antenna ? Or did he hear you on the radios whip antenna? Notice the time that you were on the air; does it seem that certain times of the night some of your listeners report a lot of static? Do certain frequency choices get better reports? Many pirate stations keep a detailed log of information from reception reports, some have maps with marks or numbers on them reflecting the best reception areas, times and frequencies, some pirates have found that they can target a certain area by choosing the frequency and time dictated from the information they have compiled. If you are trying to entertain your listeners, use their comments about your programming to choose the parts of your programs that seem to attract the attention of your listeners. Although opinions vary widely, you can tell if you are getting your point across. If you broadcasted a commentary on the" homeless" and your listeners thought you said "homesick", you may want to review the method in which you presented this subject. Could you be talking too fast? Is your background music too loud? Or were the band conditions just too noisy? Some listeners will misunderstand your message no matter how clear it is made. Verifying Reports: Pirate radio listeners collect verifications called QSLs. This can be anything that acknowledges that the listener did hear the show. If a listeners report contains enough details that you can be sure that they heard your station, you can then send them a QSL. Designing your QSL card can be as much fun as producing your show; it adds to the "image" of your station. You can be as creative as your mind will allow. Some stations have in the past sent some very bizarre QSLs, Radio Blandex sent out "DX Condoms", CSIC sends occasional rubber chickens, other stations send bumper stickers, personalized pens, pennants, banners, posters, books, etc. If cost is important, keep in mind that your QSL will have to be mailed twice (once to the drop operator and then to the listener) large QSLs or anything that can't be placed in a normal size envelope will cost extra postage. Other stations use the more simple approach, a card with the station name, and a nice design and information regarding the broadcast is always a good choice. Your QSL can be hand made or professionally printed, but don't be too worried about getting a professional look. Some of the most creative QSLs are often hand drawn on a plain piece of paper. Listeners always like a little station information such as transmitter power and the type of antenna used. Some stations include a station information sheet that gives a technical description of their station. Samples of station QSLs are provided throughout this book. Some listeners will add to their reception report by including a tape recording of your show so you can hear for yourself what the signal sounded like. A good way to reward the listener for providing you with this is to return the tape with a copy of the program recorded from your studio master. Radio Airplane,often randomly sends tapes to listeners,this is possibly because they just liked the report, or they just want to encourage more letters. The way you respond to your listeners is totally up to you. Be sure to have fun with it and remember that it is important that you just respond. Some of the CURRENTLY ACTIVE PIRATE MAIL DROPS P.O. Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895 P.O. Box 109, BlueRidge Summit, PA P.O. Box 146, Stoneham, MA 02180 P.O. Box 293, Merlin, Ontario NOP 1WO P.O. Box 605, Huntsville AL 35804 P.O. Box 17534, Atlanta GA 30616 (may not accept new stations) P.O. Box 40554, Washington DC 20016 (not very active) Always remember to write to the Mail drop operator and obtain permission before announcing an address on the air. All drops listed may not be accepting new stations, you must inquire with the operator to assure availability. תת==--- PIRATE RADIO SURVIVAL GUIDE Note: this chapter is from the book "Pirate Radio Survival Guide" written by; Nemesis of Radio Doomsday, and Captain Eddy of The Radio Airplane. If you like this book and would like to support their efforts, you may send a donation of your choice to either Nemesis or Capt. Eddy at PO Box 452, Wellsville NY 14895. Please note that some chapters refer to illistrations or drawings, these could not be included in this BBS version of the book. If you would like the illistrations or have other questions you may inquire at the above adddress. TRANSMITTERS One of your most important and difficult investments will be the purchase of a transmitter. While it is possible to build your own, it is much easier and usually cheaper to purchase a transmitter. In this chapter we will discuss what transmitters are, how they operate and what you need to know when buying a transmitter. ** SAFETY TIP ** SAFETY TIP ** SAFETY TIP ** TRANSMITTERS UTILIZE LETHAL VOLTAGES! NEVER OPERATE A TRANSMITTER WITH THE SAFETY DEVICES BYPASSED OR THE CHASSIS REMOVED! YOU COULD BE KILLED! RF ENERGY ALSO WILL LEAVE A NASTY BURN IF YOU MAKE "CONTACT"! TREAT YOUR TRANSMITTER WITH RESPECT AND CAUTION! ** SAFETY TIP ** SAFETY TIP ** SAFETY TIP ** "What is a transmitter?" Good question. A transmitter is a device that converts AC or DC energy to RF energy. By itself, RF energy doesn't do us much good, so a transmitter also requires audio information to "Modulate" the RF energy it generates. The modulated RF energy is coupled into an antenna to be dispersed into the ionosphere. Now that you know what a transmitter does, we're going to discuss variations and capabilities that can be found when looking for your dream rig. - CONTROLLING THE FREQUENCY - In the beginning there was Crystal Control. This means you must supply a crystal cut or ground for a specific frequency to operate on that frequency. If you wanted to operate on 7415 Khz, then with a crystal controlled transmitter you would have to supply a crystal cut or ground for 7415 Khz. You could NOT operate on 7465 Khz unless you supply ANOTHER crystal for 7465 Khz. As you can see, if you want to remain flexible in your frequency options, crystal controlled transmitters are not reccomended unless you can afford around $10 per crystal! One advantage that crystal control does have is that the transmitter will NOT "drift" or if it does drift, it will be very little. Usually drift is not a problem if you let your transmitter "warm up" for a couple of hours before using it. Since active frequencies change often, it's hard to "Keep Up" with a crystal controlled rig. Variable Frequency Oscillator - Sounds like something right out of a Star Trek episode. This is the next step up from "Crystal Control". A transmitter that comes equipped with a VFO or can use an external VFO gives you freedom to operate on any frequency that it covers and where the transmitter is able to tune up. Most VFO's will cover the ham bands in 500 Khz segments and this can be utilized by the pirate to get outside the ham bands. It also allows for moving your frequency at a moments notice. The ONLY disadvantage to using a VFO is that they are more prone to drift. If you let your gear "warm up" drift is usually not a problem. With the newer synthesized types of VFOs drift is practically nonexistent. - NOW YOU'RE TALKIN' - By now, you might be familiar with some terms that describe types of modulation. The most used by broadcasters is Amplitude Modulation or simply referred to as AM. Other types include Single Side Band (SSB) which means Upper Side Band (USB) or Lower Side Band (LSB), Double Side Band (DSB) and even more exotic are Frequency Modulation (FM), Phase Modulation (PM). For now, the modes we are most concerned with are AM and SSB. We touched briefly on the basics of modulation earlier and now we are going to dive right into the good stuff! So put on your thinking caps and let me guide you into the mysteries of radio. Modulation of a RF signal is impressing audio information on a radio frequency waveform. Sounds exotic doesn't it? AM modulation, a carrier wave determines your frequency and 66% of your transmitter power is used here! The modulating signal, audio information, is used to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave by means of upper and lower side bands. This is where the remaining 33% of the transmitters power goes. See Figure 1. The range of audible frequencies to most people is 20 to 20,000 Hertz. In most amateur gear the audio bandwidth is restricted to 300 to 3,000 Hertz. Music withstanding, this is the audio range that affords the greatest intelligibilitly to a voice signal. Now in AM mode combine 2.7 KHz for both upper and lower sidebands and you have an AM signal almost 6 KHz wide. If the frequency response of the transmitter was increased to 10 KHz, the resulting AM signal would be 20 KHz wide! Now you begin to see why it helps to give broadcasting stations a W-I-D-E berth! AM is also uses what is known as a 100% "Duty Cycle". This means that your transmitter is working 100% of the time. While this is not a problem in normal amateur communications, trying to run a amateur transmitter for 30 to 60 minutes continuous in AM mode is asking for trouble. The components in the transmitter will tend to overheat and you may need to cool them while broadcasting. An exhaust fan can be used to pull hot air out of the transmitter. Never blow cold air onto a hot tube! If you have managed to get a "broadcast quality" transmitter, don't sweat this as they usually built for continous duty. P.R.S.G. PURCHASING TIP #1 - Always make sure you get the book or manual with ANY transmitter you are considering buying! Trying to find manuals for older pieces of gear can be a difficult and expensive task! Single Side Band modulation has been around since the 1960's and is the most predominant mode used in the ham bands today. For hams, the rule of thumb is LSB on 40 meters and down, USB on 20 meters and up. Most pirates use USB instead of LSB and it has become the adopted standard. Their is NO difference in quality between USB or LSB! A Fully modulated AM signal has 66% of its power in the carrier and only 33% in the sidebands. The sidebands carry the intelligence to be transmitted and the carrier only "goes along for the ride" to serve as "demodulation" in the receiver. By eliminating the carrier and transmitting only a sideband, the available transmitter power is used to GREATER ADVANTAGE! Assuming two identical transmitters, one used in AM and the other in SSB, the use of SSB can give an effective gain of 9 dB over AM, equivalent to INCREASING THE TRANSMITTER POWER 8 TIMES! SSB signals are much narrower than AM signals and will "fit" into places where an AM signal would get creamed by co-channel interference. SSB's duty cycle is based on the audio informations peaks, and will typically be around 50% which means 30 to 60 minute broadcasts are easily achievable with amateur gear. You still might have to provide cooling to your transmitter but SSB is far less brutal than AM. The biggest complaint when using SSB for the transmission of music is that it "messes up" the music. Well, AM signals are the most easiest tuned but a properly tuned SSB signal is indistinguishable from AM! The key word to that statement is "properly"! Tuning is critical on SSB, 100 to 200 hertz mis-tuning will give unpleasant results! With time and good tuning skills a fair strength SSB signal can be tuned in to the proper pitch and will sound every bit as good as AM! As a pirate, you should remember to try and broadcast something that most people recognize to serve as a "Tuning Guide". It is up to the listeners to improve their tuning skills! For practice, try tuning the ham bands or RFPI/HCJB's SSB transmissions. It takes a while to get used to it, but look folks: SSB is here to stay! My final pitch for the use of SSB over AM is that most shortwave receivers are MORE sensitive to SSB signals than AM. Typically 1 to 2 microvolts. Since we are dealing with low power stuff here, any edge, no matter how slight, should be taken advantage of! UNCONFIRMED THEORY DEPARTMENT: Another slight advantage that SSB might have over AM comes from the fact that "Direction Finding" uses your carrier to peak their directive antennas to aid in locating you. Since SSB does not use a carrier and is constantly changing in signal strength, DF attempts are much more difficult! Think about it - WHERE CAN I GO? - Hams are assigned groups of frequencies spread throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum. These groups of frequencies are known as Bands. These bands are usually referred to by their wavelength. All amateur equipment covers some if not most of the bands that hams use. The most popular and easiest band to operate on is the 40 Meter Band. Almost every amateur transmitter made covers this band. There are others, and figure 2 will show you just what and where things are. Most pirate activity takes place on the "High End" of 40 Meters because most ham transmitters will operate "Out of Band" to some extent there. Most ham gear will operate a little ABOVE and BELOW each ham band, this is the important part! Without modification to your transmitter, you could operate it on 40 Meters at say, 7415 Khz or 6975 Khz, without having much problem. Some transmitters will not operate very much farther out of the band without serious degredation to their performance like reduced power output or the increased possiblity of Television Interferance! For the more advanced pirate, it is quite possible to modify your transmitters tuned circuits and get your transmitter to operate in places it was never designed to go. Remember this, A MODIFIED TRANSMITTER HAS VERY LITTLE RESALE VALUE TO THE LARGEST PART OF YOUR POTENTIAL MARKET! If you think there is even a slight chance that your are ever going to sell off your transmitter, you are better off NOT modifying it in any way! If you are going to keep it forever, dive right in .... P.R.S.G. PURCHASING TIP #2 - Let your nose be your guide! This may sound odd but stick your face right down into the transmitter, POWER OFF!, and take a big whiff! If it smells "burned" it would probably be wise to keep looking at other transmitters! By now you should be getting a handle on transmitters. If anything does not make sense so far, go back and read the material over. Going to your library and getting books on Amateur Radio is a good idea. Read EVERYTHING you can get your hands on! - POWER - Another consideration to keep in mind when looking to purchase a transmitter is Output Power. A majority of ham transmitters typically have power outputs in the neighborhood of 100 watts. This is a fair amount of power and should let you get heard quite well if you use a decent antenna! Be careful because some ham tranmsitters were specifically manufactured for QRP or "Low Power" operation and will have around 10 watts out! Older novice type ham transmitters will have a maximum power output of 75 watts or so. Some transmitters were also made that had output powers of 500 watts. Just about anything is posible to find so make sure and ask! I would like to tell you a little bit about the myths of power. For example, say I use 100 watts and I'm heard S7 at Joe DXer's. I can increase or reduce my power 50% without any noticable difference! Sounds incredible doesn't it? The only time Joe DXer will notice a difference in my transmitted signal will be by doubling or halfing my power! 200 watts is 3dB louder than 100 watts BUT most people cannot detect a 3 dB difference in signal strength! This means for people to even detect a louder signal you would have to go up to 400 watts for a 6 dB increase to actually be noticed! If you use 400 watts now, you would have to increase your power to a whopping 1600 watts to be louder than 400 watts! If I am running 100 watts and I'm heard right at the noise level at Jane DXer's, then almost ANY increase in power will improve my signal. If you are ever going to try "crossing the pond" with your station, a fair amount of power is typically required. If your transmitter is supposed to put out 100 watts but you can only get 75 watts out, the only thing that will be noticed is the slight decrease in your electric bill. - ANALOG Vs. DIGITAL - "Should I buy a Tube Type or Solid State Transmitter ?". A discussion into the Pro's and Con's of each could easily take up an entire section alone. Rather than extole the virtues and drawbacks that both have, I'll simply touch on a few points and let you make your own decisions. Tube type transmitters are perhaps more easily found, can usually be purchased quite cheaply and are more "forgiving" when handling mistuning. The downside is that they can be drifty, difficult and expensive to replace bad tubes, are very dangerous because of high voltages used with tubes, and are generally quite large in physical size and weight. They don't call them "Boat Anchors" for no reason! Solid State Transmitters are smaller, some can be simply modified to transmit anywhere in the shortwave spectrum, are more easily used because most of the tuning is computer assisted. The downside is, they are much less forgiving to impedance mismatches and can be difficult if not impossible to repair yourself. So you can see, both have advantages and disadvantages. It is up to you to decide what you can or cannot deal with! I will not make any reccomendation other than use what you can get! ANY transmitter, usually, is better than NO transmitter! - WHAT's LEFT? - "What are Transceivers?", I'm glad you asked! A transceiver is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter in the same box. If you already own a good receiver, you may not want to spend more money by buying a transceiver. I will tell you this, some transceivers receiver sections perform better than some general coverage receivers because they are optimized to operate only in small parts of the bands. It may also be desirable to monitor two frequencies at the same time. If you don't already own a receiver, a transciever is the way to go. This is for you to decide what you need, want, or desire. "Is there anything that should be avoided?", Yes. Do not purchase military surplus equipment! Unless you have a lot of experience with radio equipment, military surplus stuff can often turn into more trouble than it's worth. Connectors will be diffiucult and expensive to find, power requirements are often non-standard and repair parts can be almost non-existent! Beginners should stick to amateur gear. P.R.S.G. PURCHASING TIP #3 - Under NO circumstance should you inform the potential seller of a Transmitter what you are going to be using it for! Just say something like you are studying for your ham license - FINDING A TRANSMITTER - OK, now that you know enough about transmitters to hopefully make a wise purchasing decision, where can you find them? If money is not a issue, then there are a plethora of busnesses that sell New and Used amateur equipment. A good starting place is to pick up a copy of any amateur magazine and start looking at the adds and calling for catalogs. When it comes to new equipment, the sky is the limit! On the other hand, if you're like me, money is an issue and generally I don't have enough of the stuff! There are many ways to find used gear, start by keeping a look-out in your local newspaper's classified section. Occasionally, you will find Amateur gear listed there and the advantage is it will be a local call to find out more information and possibly see the rig in action before purchasing it. Most equipment that you find listed here will be from Bootleg CBers, and you can expect just about anything. Another alternative is if you live in a larger city with a Amateur Radio store, they usually will sell used gear along with new stuff and again you will probably get to see the rig in action before purchase. Also you might get some kind of token warranty with it, but not always. Another potential source of equipment are Ham Fests. These electronic swapmeets take place all over the country and generally during the summer months. This is where you can find just about anything and prices are generally negotiable. There is also the increased risk of buying JUNK and, while not common, it does happen that people do get burned, so be careful! The best way to find out about Ham Fests is to make contact with someone in your local ham community. If you know of no local hams, drive around till you spot the tell-tale antenna farm and introduce yourself as a radio enthusiast, potential ham, etc. and ask him or her about ham fests. Most Hams attend these functions and it is not difficult to ferret out information about them. They are open to all and just because you're not a ham will have little impact. So you have found out when and where the next one is, the most important rule of hamfests is to show up EARLY! That way you can browse over all the gear that is available and compare prices on similar equipment. If something is unmarked, don't be afraid to ask how much. If the seller says "Make me an Offer.", you might not have any idea what to offer. It could be wise to move on or ask what the "rock bottom" price is. Sellers generally love to talk about their wares and this is a good way just find out general information on items you have no intentions of purchasing, remember KNOWLEDGE IS POWER! The more you know, the better off you are! Another area to capitilize on is the END of the Hamfest. Some sellers may not relish the idea of lugging all their stuff home and will be more likely to cut a better deal! Ham fests are also great sources of general station supplies like connectors, wire, components, etc. There are also several publications that deal with used amateur equipment. The only down side is, you really have no idea what you are buying unless you know what the radio is. Caveat Emptor! - FINALLY - Now that you have purchased your dream rig, Read, Read, Read and Re-Read the manual you got with it! Become familiar with all the controls, connectors and functions of your transmitter. Did I mention read the manual? This is very important, most manuals not only will tell you how to hook-up the transmitter but will also tell you how to tune it up! You may find that the manual will say connect your transmitter to an antenna or to a dummy load. A dummy load is nothing more than a giant 50 ohm resistor that can dissipate RF Energy. The advantage to using a dummy load is that you don't transmit anything on the air, so you can practice tuning up, adjusting your transmitter without really broadcasting. Follow the directions in your manual and with any luck you will soon be broadcasting your first pirate show! תת==--- * this is for informational purposes only, dont blame 9x. * chill on #9x EFnet for real hp discussion only, no lamers.